Geology of the Karangbolong Mountains
Lecturer of
Indonesian Geological: Drs.Wakino M.S
Geography Education
Teacher Training and Education
Faculty
Sebelas Maret University
Solo, Central Java, Indonesia
2013
Solo, Central Java, Indonesia
2013
3.4.1 Introduction
The
Karangbolong Mountains are situated in the southern coastal plain of Central
Java, to the southwest of of the Lokuloh region and thus outside the Serayu
Basin. The southern coastal plain only is interrupted by the Karangbolong
promontory and by some small outcrops located on the coast at about 6 km east
of the mouth of the Serayu River.
The latter outcrops mainly consist of coarse breccias and are indicated of fig. The Karangbolong Mountains are the physiographical and structural equivalent of the Southern Mountains of West and East Java (Van Bemmelen, 1949). These have subsided below sea level between Cilacap and the Opak River near Yogyakarta, with the exception of the horst-like transverse structure of Karangbolong. A preliminary geological map of the area and two cross-sections and a longitudinal section were compiled, based upon data collected in the field and on geological airphoto interpretation. Five main geological units have been distinguished on the map. The deposits of the “volcanic Facies of the Halang Formation” mainly occur in the southern part of the area. These predominantly consist of andesitic breccias. Exposures of the deposits of the “Marine Facies of the Halang Formation” mainly are found in the northern section. These mostly consist of marly sandstones and marls. Rocks of an “Intrusive Phase” comprise the third unit. The “Karangbolong Limestones” mostly consist of typical reef limestone, which mainly occur in the central part of the area. The “Alluvial Deposits” east and westwards of the Karangbolong Mountains mainly consist of the alluvial sands and silts. The data given in these paragraphs primarily have to be regarded as a contribution to future investigations. Another reason for the geological survey carried out in the area is that the geological evolution of the Karangbolong promontory and the southern coastral plain closely is linked with the development of the Serayu Basin.
The latter outcrops mainly consist of coarse breccias and are indicated of fig. The Karangbolong Mountains are the physiographical and structural equivalent of the Southern Mountains of West and East Java (Van Bemmelen, 1949). These have subsided below sea level between Cilacap and the Opak River near Yogyakarta, with the exception of the horst-like transverse structure of Karangbolong. A preliminary geological map of the area and two cross-sections and a longitudinal section were compiled, based upon data collected in the field and on geological airphoto interpretation. Five main geological units have been distinguished on the map. The deposits of the “volcanic Facies of the Halang Formation” mainly occur in the southern part of the area. These predominantly consist of andesitic breccias. Exposures of the deposits of the “Marine Facies of the Halang Formation” mainly are found in the northern section. These mostly consist of marly sandstones and marls. Rocks of an “Intrusive Phase” comprise the third unit. The “Karangbolong Limestones” mostly consist of typical reef limestone, which mainly occur in the central part of the area. The “Alluvial Deposits” east and westwards of the Karangbolong Mountains mainly consist of the alluvial sands and silts. The data given in these paragraphs primarily have to be regarded as a contribution to future investigations. Another reason for the geological survey carried out in the area is that the geological evolution of the Karangbolong promontory and the southern coastral plain closely is linked with the development of the Serayu Basin.
3.4.2 Description of Geological Units
The deposits of the “Volcanic Facies
of the Halang Formation” consists of tuffaceous andesitics breccias lahar
deposits and some tuffites, and -mainly andesitic-lava flows. The flows have a
glassy texture , indicating their quick coling as pillow lavas. The breccias
mostly are deeply weathered. A distinctive layering only is recognizable in
some outcrops near the Indian Oceans. At the coast is tuffaceous breccias
mostly consists of very coarse. Angular boulder, inbedded in the tuffaceous
deposits and alternating with some layers of less coarse breccias. The dip of
these layers is at the western coat about 30 degrees southwest and at the
opposite side ca. 30 degrees southeast. The dips and strikes give the impression that breccias were formed on the slopes of a
volcano. They however probably are
caused by more recent tectonic movements. These deposits are entirely
comparable with the beds of the Volcanic Facies of the Halang Formation exposed
within the Serayu Basin. In the northern part of the Karangbolong area the
deposits are overlain by the beds of Marine Facies of the Halang Formation. The
deposits of the latter unit are not found
between the deposits of the Volcanic Facies and the reef limestone of Karangbolong
in the Southern section of the area.
Magma intruded through the feeder channels
of the eruption centres of the Halang Volcanoes. Hypabyssal sills and dikes
were not found, but 11 volcanic necks presetly are exposed in the southern part
of the Karangbolong area. The necks consist of dioritic and augite-andesitic
rocks and are situated more or less in twi rows with a north-south direction.
Some quartz also occurs in the rocks. The necks protrude
through the deposits of the Volcanic Facies of the Halang Formation, but are
younger than the reef limestone deposits. The volcanic necks therefore most
probably can be correlated with the rock of the “Maung Intrusive Phase of The
Halang Formation” exposed in
the Serayu Basin
Exposures
of the deposits of the “Marine Facies of the Halang Formation” mostly occur in
the northern part of the Karangbolong Mountains. The deposits consist of
tuffaceous marly sandstones and marls. The marly sandstones are fine-grained
and mainly consist of plagioclase, hornblende, augite and guartz. They contain
molluses. The marls usually hold very few tuffaceous elements and are less
distinctively layered. These deposits can be aced into the South Serayu
Mountains where they form the upper beds of the Marine Facies of the Halang
Formation, which are the equivalent of the Third Marl-Tuff Horizon of Harloff
(1933). In the Karangbolong area they probably comprise the uppermost beds of
the formation. The deposits are slightly folded, the anticlinal axes
predominantly having a northwest-southeast direcion. In the central section of
the area these deposits only occur locally and with a different facies. In such
outcrops the beds mostly consist of sapropel and some lignite, while oil shales
also occur. These lagoon-type deposits were formed at the southernmost
perimeter of the exposures of the beds of the Marine Facies. A weathered
breccia layer with a thickness of a few metres occurs in some places between
the sapropel beds and the covering reef limestones. These breccias consist of
erosion products of the deposist of the Volcanic Facies of the Halang Formation.
In the southern part such lagoon-type deposits do not occur.
The “Karangbolong Limestones” mainly occur in the central
section of the area. Some rather extensive outcrops are also found in the
southern part. The limestones overlie unconformably the breccias of the
Volcanic Facies of the Halang Formation in such places. The
limestones were formed transgreesively on top of both the volcanic and marine
Halang beds. An angular unconformity between the deposits of the Marine Facies
and the limestones appears to occur in some places. The lack of recognizable
layering in the reef limestones makes it however difficult to establish this
with certainty. The exposed rocks almost entirely consist of typical reef
limestones. They mostly are fine-grained, hard and pure and contain
Lepidocyclina as well as corals and Echinoidea (Heine, 1930). On several levels
the limestones contain white chalk blanks and chalk marls, which consist of
erosion products of the reef. The limestones reach a thickness of more than 100
m at the perimaters of the central section of the Karangbolong Mountains. The
thickness in the central part locally probably amounts to about 200 m. The reef
limestones are easily soluble under tropical conditions, resulting in the
formation of extensive cave-systems. Phosphate deposits occur in many of these
caves and locally are quarried. Some outcrops of limestones also contain
manganese ores (Keil, 1930).
The coastal plains west and east
of the Karangbolong Mountains are bordered on the landward slide by the South
Serayu Mountains. The coastal area is composed of beach ridges with alternating
silty flats. The recent beach sediments mostly consist of fine-grained sands
and silty sands. The sand and silt-sized particles are transported by e.g. the
Ijo River which enters the Indian Ocean at the western perimeter of the
Karangbolong promontary and the Centang River which flows along the eastern
side. The sand and part of the silt-sized particles are washed up the beach,
thus causing coastal accretion. The sands and silts however rapidly are
converted into clays by tropical weathering processes. The clay sized particles
are transported further offshore by longshore currents. Narrow strips of
fluviatile deposits occur along streams draining the southern part of the
Karangbolong area. These deposits in general are not indicated on fig. 3.4-1
GEOLOGI PEGUNUNGAN KARANGBOLONG
3.4.1
Pendahuluan
Pegunungan
Karangbolong terletak di dataran pantai selatan Jawa Tengah, di barat daya
wilayah Lokuloh dengan demikian berada di luar DAS Serayu. Dataran pantai
selatan hanya terganggu oleh tanjung Karangbolong dan oleh beberapa singkapan
kecil yang terletak di pantai di sekitar 6 km sebelah timur muara Sungai
Serayu. Singkapan terakhir ini terutama terdiri dari breksi kasar dan
ditunjukkan pada ara. 3,1-4. Pegunungan Karangbolong setara dan struktural
fisiografi pegunungan selatan Jawa barat dan timur (Van Bemmelen, 1949). Hal
ini telah mereda di bawah permukaan laut antara Cilacap dan Sungai Opak dekat
Yogyakarta, dengan pengecualian struktur transverve Horst-seperti Karangbolong.
Peta geologi awal daerah (gbr. 3,4-1) . Dua bagian dan bagian membujur (gbr.
3,4-2) telah dikompilasi, berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan di lapangan dan
interpretasi foto udara geologi.. Lima unit geologi utama telah dibedakan di
peta. Deposit dari "fasies gunung api dari Formasi Halang" terutama
terjadi di bagian selatan wilayah itu. Ini terutama terdiri dari breksi
andesitik. Eksposur dari deposito dari "fasies Kelautan dari Formasi Halang"
terutama ditemukan di bagian utara. Sebagian besar terdiri dari batu pasir dan
napal Marly. Rocks dari Fase "mengganggu" terdiri dari unit ketiga.
Pada batugamping "Karangbolong" terutama terdiri dari batugamping
terumbu khas, yang terutama terjadi di bagian tengah kawasan. "Simpanan
Aluvial" timur dan barat-Pegunungan Karangbolong terutama terdiri dari
pasir aluvial yang berdebu. Penjelasan dari lima unit diberikan dalam Bab
3.4.2. Garis besar pengembangan geologi daerah ini disertakan dalam bab 3.2.
Data yang diberikan dalam paragraf tersebut terutama harus dianggap sebagai
kontribusi untuk penyelidikan masa depan. Alasan lain untuk survei geologi
dilakukan di daerah tersebut adalah bahwa evolusi geologi dari tanjung Karangbolong
dan dataran pantai selatan erat terkait dengan perkembangan di Cekungan Serayu (bab
3.2.).
3.4.2
Deskripsi unit geologi
Deposit
dari para "fasies gunung api dari Formasi Halang" terdiri dari breksi
andesitik tufan, endapan lahar dan beberapa tuffites, dan terutama
andesitik-aliran lava. Arus memiliki tekstur gelas, menunjukkan pendinginan
cepat mereka sebagai lava bantal. Para breksi sebagian besar adalah sangat
butut. Sebuah lapisan khusus hanya dikenal di beberapa singkapan dekat di Samudera
Hindia. Pada pantai breksi tufan sebagian besar terdiri dari sangat kasar, batu
sudut, lubang hewan di deposito tufan dan bergantian dengan beberapa lapisan
breksi kurang kasar. Kemiringan lapisan ini adalah di pantai barat sekitar 30
derajat barat daya dan di seberang ca. 30 derajat tenggara. Pembungkukan dan
pemogokan memberikan kesan bahwa breksi terbentuk di lereng gunung berapi.
Namun mereka mungkin disebabkan oleh gerakan tektonik yang lebih baru. Deposito
tersebut sepenuhnya sebanding dengan tempat tidur dari fasies gunung api dari Formasi
Halang terbuka dalam Cekungan Serayu. Di bagian utara kawasan Karangbolong dengan
deposito ditindih oleh tempat tidur dari fasies Kelautan Formasi Halang.
Simpanan dari unit terakhir ini tidak ditemukan antara deposito dari fasies vulkanik
dan batugamping terumbu dari Karangbolong di bagian selatan wilayah itu.
Magma
diterobos mengganggu melalui jalur penyuplai dari pusat letusan gunung berapi Halang.
Hypabyssal dan tanggul tidak ditemukan, tapi 11 leher vulkanik saat ini
dihadapkan di bagian selatan leher Karangbolong. Terdiri dari batuan dioritik
dan augit-andesitik dan terletak kurang lebih dua rowswith sebuah kuarsa lurus.
Di utaraselatan juga terjadi di leher rocks. Bentuknya menonjol melalui
deposito dari fasies gunung api dari Formasi Halang, tetapi lebih muda dari
batugamping terumbu deposits. Leher vulkanik karena itu yang paling mungkin
dapat dikorelasikan dengan batuan Tahap "mengganggu Maung Formasi
Halang" terbuka di Cekungan Serayu (lihat tabel 3,1-2).
Kenampakan
dari deposito dari "fasies Kelautan Formasi Halang" sebagian besar
terjadi di bagian utara dari deposito Pegunungan Karangbolong. Terdiri dari
batupasir tufa Marly yang halus dan terutama terdiri dari plagioklas,
hornblende, augit dan quartz. Mengandung moluska napal biasanya. terus unsur
tufan sangat sedikit dan deposito kurang khas dilapisannya. Dapat tiaced ke
Pegunungan Serayu Selatan di mana mereka membentuk BES atas dari fasies
Kelautan Formasi Halang, yang setara dengan ketiga mungkin terdiri dari paling
atas tempat tidur dari formasi tambahan. Sedikit dilipat, sumbu antiklinal
didominasi havinga direction. Di barat laut tenggara bagian tengah daerah
deposito ini hanya terjadi secara lokal dan dengan muka. Berbeda singkapan
seperti tempat tidur sebagian besar terdiri dari sapropel dan beberapa lignit,
sementara minyak serpih juga tambahan yang terjadi . Laguna jenis ini terbentuk
di perimeter selatan paparan tempat tidur dari permukaan. Kelautan cuaca
lapisan breksi dengan ketebalan beberapa meter terjadi di beberapa tempat
antara tempat tidur dan sapropel yang meliputi breksi terumbu karang . Terdiri
dari produk erosi dari deposito dari fasies gunung api dari Formasi Halang. Di bagian
selatan seperti laguna jenis deposito tidak terjadi. "Karangbolong
batugamping" terutama terjadi di bagian tengah area. Beberapa yang
singkapan lebih ekstensif juga ditemukan di Bagian selatan. Batugamping menimpa
selaras dengan breksi dari fasies gunung api dari Formasi Halang di tempat
batugamping . Seperti itu terbentuk akibat proses transgresi di atas kedua ketidakselarasan
yang berbeda. Halang vulkanik dan laut sudut antara deposito dari fasies Kelautan
dan batu kapur tampaknya terjadi pada beberapa kekurangan dari lapisan tempat. Dikenali
dalam batu gamping terumbu. Mereka sebagian besar adalah halus, keras dan murni
dan mengandung Lepidocyclina serta karang dan Echinodea (Heine, 1930). Pada
beberapa tingkat bank batugamping mengandung kapur putih dan batu kapur
mencapai ketebalan lebih dari 100 m di sekeliling bagian tengah ketebalan
gunung. Karangbolong di bagian tengah lokal mungkin jumlah sekitar 200
batugamping terumbu. Mudah larut dalam kondisi tropis, resultingin pembentukan deposito
gua-system. Phosphate luas terjadi di banyak gua-gua ini dan lokal adalah singkapan
quarried. Beberapa dari batugamping juga mengandung Bijih mangan (Keil, 1930).
Dataran
pantai barat dan timur Pegunungan Karangbolong dibatasi di sisi ke arah darat
oleh Pegunungan Serayu Selatan. Daerah pesisir terdiri dari pegunungan pantai
dengan bolak flat lempungan. Sedimen pantai baru-baru ini sebagian besar
terdiri dari pasir halus dan pasir lempungan. Pasir dan partikel berukuran
lempungan diangkut oleh misalnya Sungai Ijo yang masuk ke Samudera Hindia di
perimeter barat tanjung Karangbolong dan Sungai Centang yang mengalir sepanjang
sisi timur. Pasir dan bagian-partikel berukuran lanau dicuci sampai di pantai, sehingga
menyebabkan akresi pantai. Pasir dan lumpur namun cepat dan dikonversi menjadi tanah
liat oleh proses pelapukan tropis. Partikel berukuran lempung diangkut lanjut
lepas pantai oleh arus pantai panjang (bab 2.3.). Persempit strip deposito
fluviatile terjadi di sepanjang aliran pengeringan bagian selatan wilayah
Karangbolong. Deposito tersebut pada umumnya tidak ditunjukkan pada ara. 3,4-1.
Untuk data lain concering deposito dataran pesisir pembaca disebut bab 4.2.1.
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